Lời giải:
Xét hiệu:

\(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{a}-\left(\frac{b}{a}+\frac{c}{b}+\frac{a}{c}\right)\)

\(=\frac{a-c}{b}+\frac{b-a}{c}+\frac{c-b}{a}=-\frac{(b-a)+(c-b)}{b}+\frac{b-a}{c}+\frac{c-b}{a}\)

\(=\frac{b-a}{c}-\frac{b-a}{b}+\frac{c-b}{a}-\frac{c-b}{b}\)

\(=(b-a)(\frac{1}{c}-\frac{1}{b})+(c-b)(\frac{1}{a}-\frac{1}{b})\)

\(=\frac{(b-a)(b-c)}{bc}+\frac{(c-b)(b-a)}{ab}=(b-a)(b-c)(\frac{1}{bc}-\frac{1}{ab})\)

\(=\frac{(b-a)(b-c)(a-c)}{abc}\geq 0\) do \(0\leq a\leq b\leq c\)

Do đó:
\(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{a}\geq \frac{b}{a}+\frac{c}{b}+\frac{a}{c}\) (đpcm)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi $a=b=c$

camon

a) Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM-GM ta có:

\(\dfrac{bc}{a}+\dfrac{ac}{b}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{abc^2}{ab}}=2\sqrt{c^2}=2\left|c\right|=2c\left(c>0\right)\)

Chứng minh tương tự ta được: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{ac}{b}+\dfrac{ab}{c}\ge2a\\\dfrac{bc}{a}+\dfrac{ab}{c}\ge2b\end{matrix}\right.\)

Cộng theo vế: \(\dfrac{bc}{a}+\dfrac{ac}{b}+\dfrac{ab}{c}\ge a+b+c\left(đpcm\right)\)

Áp dụng liên tiếp AM-GM và Cauchy-Schwarz ta được:

\(\dfrac{ab}{a+b}=\dfrac{ab+b^2-b^2}{a+b}=\dfrac{b\left(a+b\right)}{a+b}-\dfrac{b^2}{a+b}=b-\dfrac{b^2}{a+b}\)

Chứng minh tương tự:

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{bc}{b+c}=\dfrac{bc+c^2-c^2}{b+c}=\dfrac{c\left(b+c\right)}{b+c}-\dfrac{c^2}{b+c}=c-\dfrac{c^2}{b+c}\\\dfrac{ac}{c+a}=\dfrac{ac+a^2-a^2}{c+a}=\dfrac{a\left(c+a\right)}{c+a}-\dfrac{a^2}{c+a}=a-\dfrac{a^2}{c+a}\end{matrix}\right.\)

Cộng theo vế:

\(\dfrac{ab}{a+b}+\dfrac{bc}{b+c}+\dfrac{ac}{a+c}=a+b+c-\left(\dfrac{b^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{c^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{a^2}{a+c}\right)\le\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=a+b+c-\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\left(đpcm\right)\)

b)Đặt \(A=\dfrac{ab}{a+b}+\dfrac{bc}{b+c}+\dfrac{ca}{c+a}\)

\(A=\dfrac{a\left(a+b\right)-a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b\left(b+c\right)-b^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{c\left(c+a\right)-c^2}{c+a}\)

\(A=a+b+c-\dfrac{a^2}{a+b}-\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}-\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\)

Lại có:\(\dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+a}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow A\le a+b+c-\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrowđpcm\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(A=\dfrac{1}{1+ab}+\dfrac{1}{1+bc}+\dfrac{1}{1+ca}\)

\(A\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1+1\right)^2}{3+ab+bc+ac}=\dfrac{9}{3+ab+bc+ac}\)

Mặt khác,theo hệ quả AM-GM: \(ab+bc+ac\le\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}\le\dfrac{3^2}{3}=3\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{9}{3+ab+bc+ac}\ge\dfrac{9}{3+3}=\dfrac{9}{6}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: \(a=b=c=1\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy ta có

\(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b+c}{4}\ge a\)

\(\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{a+c}{4}\ge b\)

\(\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{a+b}{4}\ge c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\ge a+b+c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi a=b=c

Làm tắt vài chỗ thông cảm

Câu b,

Ta có BĐT Cauchy \(a^2+b^2\ge2ab\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\)

\(\Rightarrow ab\le\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab}{a+b}\le\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{a+b}{4}\)

Tương tự \(\dfrac{bc}{b+c}\le\dfrac{b+c}{4}\)

\(\dfrac{ac}{a+c}\le\dfrac{a+c}{4}\)

Cộng theo vế ta đc \(VT\le\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{4}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi a=b=c

2a)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức \(\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\forall a,b>0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+b+a+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+b+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}=\dfrac{1}{a+c+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(b+c\right)}\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\)

Chứng minh rằng \(\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức \(\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\forall a,b>0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ( đpcm )

Vì \(\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

Mà \(VT\le\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)( đpcm )

Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)

2b)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}1+a^2\ge2\sqrt{a^2}=2a\\1+b^2\ge2\sqrt{b^2}=2b\\1+c^2\ge2\sqrt{c^2}=2c\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{a}{1+a^2}\le\dfrac{a}{2a}=\dfrac{1}{2}\\\dfrac{b}{1+b^2}\le\dfrac{b}{2b}=\dfrac{1}{2}\\\dfrac{c}{1+c^2}\le\dfrac{c}{2c}=\dfrac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{b}{1+b^2}+\dfrac{c}{1+c^2}\le\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\) ( đpcm )

Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Bài 1)

Nháp : nhìn nhanh ta thấy nên áp dụng BĐT \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)

Giải

Vì x,y > 0 =) 2x + y > 0 , x + 2y > 0

Áp dụng BĐT cauchy dạng phân thức cho hai bộ số không âm \(\dfrac{1}{2x+y}\)và\(\dfrac{1}{x+2y}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{x+2y}+\dfrac{1}{2x+y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+2y+2x+y}=\dfrac{4}{3\left(x+y\right)}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(3x+3y\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{2x+y}+\dfrac{1}{x+2y}\right)\ge\left(3x+3y\right).\dfrac{4}{3\left(x+y\right)}=4\)

Dấu '' = "xảy ra khi và chỉ khi x + 2y = y + 2x (=) x=y

Bài 3:

\(\dfrac{1}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}\ge\dfrac{4}{xy}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2y^2\left(\dfrac{1}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}\right)\ge\dfrac{4}{xy}.x^2y^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2y^2}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+x^2+y^2\ge4xy\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2y^2}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+x^2-2xy+y^2\ge2xy\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{xy}{x-y}\right)^2+\left(x-y\right)^2\ge2xy\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{xy}{x-y}\right)^2-2xy+\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{xy}{x-y}-x+y\right)^2=0\) (luôn đúng)

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